KEY WORDS: Frontalis, Midline dehiscence, Botulinum toxin A, Anatomy.
In this article the anatomy of the frontalis muscle will be revisited and reviewed. We will examine how this awareness will enable the effective placement of Botulinum toxin A. It is widely accepted that botulinum toxin achieves a desired softening of established horizontal rhytides and offers near eradication of rhytides that are largely dynamic in nature.1 In this article we aim to provide an accurate overview of the muscle, related vessels, arteries and nerve supply to ensure a safe and effective treatment outcome and cosmetic result.
The frontalis (more accurately termed the Occipito-frontalis) is a quadrilateral, at and exceptionally thin muscle, with no bony attachment.2 It forms part of a group of elevator muscles, which elevate the brow. The musculoaponeurotic group consists of the frontalis, the galea…
