Title: Botulinum Toxin for Treatment of Synkinesis: Effects on Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Feyisayo O Adegboye, et al.
Published: Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine, July 2025
Keywords: Botulinum toxin, Chemodenervation, Depression
A retrospective review of botulinum toxin naïve adults treated with chemodenervation for synkinesis was performed. Validated outcome metrics were compared before the first treatment and >3 months after the final treatment. Clinician-graded assessment used the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SB). Patient-reported assessments included the Synkinesis Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) and Facial Clinimetric Evaluation (FaCE). Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) questionnaires assessed depression and anxiety. Paired t-tests compared scores before and after treatment. Sixty-eight patients aged 54 years (standard…
