Cutaneous ageing is a complex, multifactorial process characterised by the gradual decline of skin structure and function, resulting in wrinkles, laxity and dyspigmentation.1 Intrinsic ageing is primarily determined by genetic factors and involves a programmed reduction in cellular activity, leading to epidermal thinning and dermal atrophy.1
Telomere shortening and altered gene expression, including reduced production of collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid, further contribute to the ageing process.1,2 Extrinsic ageing is mainly caused by environmental factors, particularly chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.3
UV radiation induces oxidative damage, leading to accelerated cellular senescence and apoptosis.3 It also activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen and elastin fibres, compromising skin integrity and elasticity.4 Additionally, UV radiation…
