The interplay between cosmetic medicine and psychology has a complex and long-debated history. There has always been a focus on both the dangers and potential benefits of cosmetic treatments on the psychological wellbeing of our patients. Recently, of particular interest is the growing body of evidence exploring the use of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the management of depression.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common illnesses in the world and carries a large disease burden.1 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) sets out the diagnostic criteria for MDD, which includes persistent low mood, anhedonia, lack of energy, lapses in concentration, and sleep disturbance.2 The mainstay of management for MDD beyond psychotherapy is with antidepressant medication. However, this is complicated by poor medication adherence, side effects…
